6/10/2023

Janusmed kön och genus

Janusmed kön och genus – rivaroxaban

Janusmed kön och genus är ett kunskapsstöd som tillhandahåller information om köns- och genusaspekter på läkemedelsbehandling. Kunskapsstödet är avsedd främst för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Texterna är generella och ska inte ses som behandlingsriktlinjer. Det är alltid behandlande läkare som ansvarar för patientens medicinering.

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Rivaroxaban

Rivaroxaban

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Produkter

Xarelto

Xarelto
ATC-koder

B01AF01

B01AF01
Substanser

rivaroxaban

rivaroxaban
Sammanfattning

Kliniska studier visar att rivaroxaban reducerar risken för stroke och systemisk embolism lika effektivt hos kvinnor och män med förmaksflimmer. Effekten av rivaroxaban som initial behandling och som recidivprofylax av djup ventrombos och lungemboli är lika hos kvinnor och män.

En lägre blödningsrisk har setts hos kvinnor men inte hos män som behandlats med rivaroxaban vid förmaksflimmer. För patienter som behandlats med rivaroxaban för djup ventrombos eller lungemboli har inga könsskillnader setts i kliniska studier.

Kliniska studier visar att rivaroxaban reducerar risken för stroke och systemisk embolism lika effektivt hos kvinnor och män med förmaksflimmer. Effekten av rivaroxaban som initial behandling och som recidivprofylax av djup ventrombos och lungemboli är lika hos kvinnor och män. En lägre blödningsrisk har setts hos kvinnor men inte hos män som behandlats med rivaroxaban vid förmaksflimmer. För patienter som behandlats med rivaroxaban för djup ventrombos eller lungemboli har inga könsskillnader setts i kliniska studier.
Background

Pharmacokinetics and dosing
A single-blind, placebo-controlled study in healthy individuals (16 men, 16 women) found no effect of sex on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban 10 mg [12]. No studies with a clinically relevant sex analysis regarding the dosing of rivaroxaban have been found.

Effect
New oral anticoagulants
In atrial fibrillation (AF) patients, large meta-analyses of phase III trials have found that NOACs (apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, rivaroxaban) are better than warfarin in preventing stroke and systemic embolism in both men and women [1-3]. In contrast, a meta-analysis on data from other phase III trials (in total 18 415 men, 13 094 women) on NOACs (apixaban, dabigatran, ximelagatran), found that men were more protected from stroke or systemic embolism than women [4]. An observational study on AF patients in Hong-Kong (4972 men, 4834 women) showed that use of NOACs (apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban) was associated with lower all-cause mortality in women but not in men, when compared to warfarin [5]. However, risk of stroke and response t......

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# Pharmacokinetics and dosing A single-blind, placebo-controlled study in healthy individuals (16 men, 16 women) found no effect of sex on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban 10 mg [12]. No studies with a clinically relevant sex analysis regarding the dosing of rivaroxaban have been found. # Effect **New oral anticoagulants** In atrial fibrillation (AF) patients, large meta-analyses of phase III trials have found that NOACs (apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, rivaroxaban) are better than warfarin in preventing stroke and systemic embolism in both men and women [1-3]. In contrast, a meta-analysis on data from other phase III trials (in total 18 415 men, 13 094 women) on NOACs (apixaban, dabigatran, ximelagatran), found that men were more protected from stroke or systemic embolism than women [4]. An observational study on AF patients in Hong-Kong (4972 men, 4834 women) showed that use of NOACs (apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban) was associated with lower all-cause mortality in women but not in men, when compared to warfarin [5]. However, risk of stroke and response to thrombolytic therapy may vary between ethnic groups, and a higher risk of bleeding in Asians treated with warfarin has been reported [5]. Similarly, another meta-analysis found a higher risk of stroke and systemic embolism in women treated with NOAC (apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, rivaroxaban) [6]. In venous thromboembolism (VTE) patients, two sex-specific meta-analyses on NOACs (apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, rivaroxaban, ximelagatran) have found no sex difference in the rate of VTE recurrence [7, 8].   **Specific for rivaroxaban** In the pivotal study on rivaroxaban (ROCKET), included in the meta-analyses mentioned above, patients with nonvalvular AF who were at increased risk for stroke received either rivaroxaban 20 mg daily or dose-adjusted warfarin (4300 men and 2831 women on rivaroxaban, 4301 men and 2832 women on warfarin). The efficacy rivaroxaban as prevention of stroke or systemic embolism was similar in both sexes [13]. An analysis of mortality data in the ROCKET study revealed that male sex was one of many independent predictors of increase all-cause mortality. Female sex was among factors associated with lower likelihood of cardiovascular death as well as sudden or unwitnessed death [14]. The pivotal VTE studies included in the meta-analyses mentioned above (EINSTEIN-DVT AND EINSTEIN-PE) report similar treatment effects of rivaroxaban in men and women [15, 16]. # Adverse effects **New oral anticoagulants** A sex-specific meta-analysis on the risk of bleeding from anticoagulants in patients with AF or VTE (57 043 men, 37 250 women) found a similar bleeding risk in men and women [9]. However, sex differences have been observed when analyzing by indication, as described below. In AF patients, a worldwide meta-analysis (16 760 men, 9 500 women) found that women treated with NOACs (apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban) had lower risk of major bleeding than men, while women treated with warfarin had similar risk of bleeding as men [2]. Similarly, another meta-analysis found a lower risk of major bleeding in women (apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, rivaroxaban) even after omitting the AVERROES study using aspirin as comparator [6]. Contrary to this, another meta-analysis, including the same studies, found no sex differences in major bleeding events from NOACs (apixaban, edoxaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban), when compared with warfarin [3]. Also, an observational study conducted in Hong-Kong (4972 men, 4834 women) showed that use of NOAC (apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban) was associated with a lower risk of intracranial hemorrhage in women but not in men, when compared with warfarin. The risk of GI bleeding was similar in men and women treated with NOAC, when compared with warfarin [5]. In VTE patients, a sex-specific meta-analysis (43.7% women) found that women had more bleeding events from NOACs (apixaban, rivaroxaban, ximelagatran) than men [7]. Another sex-specific meta-analysis on VTE (13 139 men, 9814 women) found a higher risk of bleeding in women than in men from both warfarin and NOACs (apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, rivaroxaban) [10]. However, another similar meta-analysis of the same studies showed that the sex difference in incidence of bleedings was only significant for edoxaban (RR 0.52) [8, 11].   **Specific for rivaroxaban** In the ROCKET trial, included in the meta-analyses mentioned above, women with AF treated with rivaroxaban had a lower risk of major bleeding, while men had a higher risk, when compared to warfarin [13]. The pivotal studies in VTE patients, included in the meta-analyses mentioned above, report no sex differences in major bleeding [15, 16]. Contrary to this, higher rates of bleedings were reported in females a cohort of younger patients (40 males, 38 females; 14-55 years) treated with rivaroxaban for VTE. The median daily rivaroxaban dose per kilogram body weight were higher in women than men (0.25 mg/kg vs. 0.21 mg/kg, p<0.000) [17]. # Reproductive health issues Regarding teratogenic aspects, please consult Janusmed Drugs and Birth Defects (in Swedish, Janusmed fosterpåverkan).
Försäljning på recept

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Fler män än kvinnor hämtade ut tabletter innehållande rivaroxaban (ATC-kod B01AF01) på recept i Sverige år 2017, totalt 26 507 män och 21 137 kvinnor. Det motsvarar 5,3 respektive 4,2 personer per tusen invånare. Andelen som hämtat ut läkemedel ökade med stigande ålder hos båda könen. I genomsnitt var tabletter innehållande rivaroxaban 1,6 gånger vanligare hos män [18].
Referenser

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  1. Ahmad Y, Lip GY, Apostolakis S. New oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: impact of gender, heart failure, diabetes mellitus and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2012;10(12):1471-80.

  2. Pancholy SB, Sharma PS, Pancholy DS, Patel TM, Callans DJ, Marchlinski FE. Meta-analysis of gender differences in residual stroke risk and major bleeding in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation treated with oral anticoagulants. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113(3):485-90.

  3. Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, Hoffman EB, Deenadayalu N, Ezekowitz MD et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2014;383(9921):955-62.

  4. Proietti M, Cheli P, Basili S, Mazurek M, Lip GY. Balancing thromboembolic and bleeding risk with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs): A systematic review and meta-analysis on gender differences. Pharmacol Res. 2017;117(1):274-282.

  5. Law SWY, Lau WCY, Wong ICK, Lip GYH, Mok MT, Siu CW et al. Sex-Based Differences in Outcomes of Oral Anticoagulation in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(3):271-282.

  6. Raccah BH, Perlman A, Zwas DR, Hochberg-Klein S, Masarwa R, Muszkat M et al. Gender Differences in Efficacy and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Atrial Fibrillation: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2018;52(11):1135-1142.

  7. Alotaibi GS, Almodaimegh H, McMurtry MS, Wu C. Do women bleed more than men when prescribed novel oral anticoagulants for venous thromboembolism? A sex-based meta-analysis. Thromb Res. 2013;132(2):185-9.

  8. Loffredo L, Violi F, Perri L. Sex related differences in patients with acute venous thromboembolism treated with new oral anticoagulants A meta-analysis of the interventional trials. Int J Cardiol. 2016;212:255-8.

  9. Lapner S, Cohen N, Kearon C. Influence of sex on risk of bleeding in anticoagulated patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2014;12(5):595-605.

  10. Gómez-Outes A, Terleira-Fernández AI, Lecumberri R, Suárez-Gea ML, Vargas-Castrillón E. Direct oral anticoagulants in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Res. 2014;134:774-82.

  11. Hokusai-VTE Investigators, Büller HR, Décousus H, Grosso MA, Mercuri M, Middeldorp S et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1406-15.

  12. Kubitza D, Becka M, Zuehlsdorf M, Mueck W. Body weight has limited influence on the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, or pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban (BAY 59-7939) in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;47:218-26.

  13. Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, Pan G, Singer DE, Hacke W et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:883-91.

  14. Pokorney SD, Piccini JP, Stevens SR, Patel MR, Pieper KS, Halperin JL et al. Cause of Death and Predictors of All-Cause Mortality in Anticoagulated Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: Data From ROCKET AF. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(3):e002197.

  15. EINSTEIN Investigators, Bauersachs R, Berkowitz SD, Brenner B, Buller HR, Decousus H et al. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(26):2499-510.

  16. EINSTEIN–PE Investigators, Büller HR, Prins MH, Lensin AW, Decousus H, Jacobson BF et al. Oral rivaroxaban for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(14):1287-97.

  17. Krause M, Henningsen A, Torge A, Juhl D, Junker R, Kenet G et al. Impact of gender on safety and efficacy of Rivaroxaban in adolescents &amp; young adults with venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res. 2016;148(1):145-151.

  18. Läkemedelsstatistik. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen. 2017 [cited 2019-01-30.]

  1. Ahmad Y, Lip GY, Apostolakis S. New oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: impact of gender, heart failure, diabetes mellitus and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2012;10(12):1471-80.
  2. Pancholy SB, Sharma PS, Pancholy DS, Patel TM, Callans DJ, Marchlinski FE. Meta-analysis of gender differences in residual stroke risk and major bleeding in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation treated with oral anticoagulants. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113(3):485-90.
  3. Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, Hoffman EB, Deenadayalu N, Ezekowitz MD et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2014;383(9921):955-62.
  4. Proietti M, Cheli P, Basili S, Mazurek M, Lip GY. Balancing thromboembolic and bleeding risk with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs): A systematic review and meta-analysis on gender differences. Pharmacol Res. 2017;117(1):274-282.
  5. Law SWY, Lau WCY, Wong ICK, Lip GYH, Mok MT, Siu CW et al. Sex-Based Differences in Outcomes of Oral Anticoagulation in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(3):271-282.
  6. Raccah BH, Perlman A, Zwas DR, Hochberg-Klein S, Masarwa R, Muszkat M et al. Gender Differences in Efficacy and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Atrial Fibrillation: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2018;52(11):1135-1142.
  7. Alotaibi GS, Almodaimegh H, McMurtry MS, Wu C. Do women bleed more than men when prescribed novel oral anticoagulants for venous thromboembolism? A sex-based meta-analysis. Thromb Res. 2013;132(2):185-9.
  8. Loffredo L, Violi F, Perri L. Sex related differences in patients with acute venous thromboembolism treated with new oral anticoagulants A meta-analysis of the interventional trials. Int J Cardiol. 2016;212:255-8.
  9. Lapner S, Cohen N, Kearon C. Influence of sex on risk of bleeding in anticoagulated patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2014;12(5):595-605.
  10. Gómez-Outes A, Terleira-Fernández AI, Lecumberri R, Suárez-Gea ML, Vargas-Castrillón E. Direct oral anticoagulants in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Res. 2014;134:774-82.
  11. Hokusai-VTE Investigators, Büller HR, Décousus H, Grosso MA, Mercuri M, Middeldorp S et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1406-15.
  12. Kubitza D, Becka M, Zuehlsdorf M, Mueck W. Body weight has limited influence on the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, or pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban (BAY 59-7939) in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;47:218-26.
  13. Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, Pan G, Singer DE, Hacke W et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:883-91.
  14. Pokorney SD, Piccini JP, Stevens SR, Patel MR, Pieper KS, Halperin JL et al. Cause of Death and Predictors of All-Cause Mortality in Anticoagulated Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: Data From ROCKET AF. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(3):e002197.
  15. EINSTEIN Investigators, Bauersachs R, Berkowitz SD, Brenner B, Buller HR, Decousus H et al. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(26):2499-510.
  16. EINSTEIN–PE Investigators, Büller HR, Prins MH, Lensin AW, Decousus H, Jacobson BF et al. Oral rivaroxaban for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(14):1287-97.
  17. Krause M, Henningsen A, Torge A, Juhl D, Junker R, Kenet G et al. Impact of gender on safety and efficacy of Rivaroxaban in adolescents &amp; young adults with venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res. 2016;148(1):145-151.
  18. Läkemedelsstatistik. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen. 2017 [cited 2019-01-30.]
Uppdaterat

Litteratursökningsdatum 1/22/2019

Litteratursökningsdatum 1/22/2019
Se även

Warfarin

Apixaban

Dabigatran

Edoxaban