6/10/2023

Janusmed kön och genus

Janusmed kön och genus – Zolpidem HEXAL

Janusmed kön och genus är ett kunskapsstöd som tillhandahåller information om köns- och genusaspekter på läkemedelsbehandling. Kunskapsstödet är avsedd främst för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Texterna är generella och ska inte ses som behandlingsriktlinjer. Det är alltid behandlande läkare som ansvarar för patientens medicinering.

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Zolpidem

Zolpidem

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Edluar, Stilnoct, Zolpic, Zolpidem Actavis, Zolpidem Au......

Edluar, Stilnoct, Zolpic, Zolpidem Actavis, Zolpidem Aurobindo, Zolpidem Dune, Zolpidem HEXAL, Zolpidem Orifarm, Zolpidem STADA, Zolpidem Sandoz, Zolpidem Tartrate, Zolpidem Viatris, Zolpidem Vitabalans, Zolpidem Winthrop, Zolpidem ratiopharm
ATC-koder

N05CF02

N05CF02
Substanser

zolpidem, zolpidemtartrat

zolpidem, zolpidemtartrat
Sammanfattning

Kvinnor metaboliserar zolpidem långsammare än män. Det finns enstaka studier som har analyserat skillnader i effekt och biverkningar mellan kvinnor och män men mängden klinisk relevans är oklar. Små studier har visat att kvinnor har högre självskattad dåsighet och sämre bilkörningsförmåga efter intag av 10 mg zolpidem. Lägre dos till kvinnor kan övervägas.

Kvinnor metaboliserar zolpidem långsammare än män. Det finns enstaka studier som har analyserat skillnader i effekt och biverkningar mellan kvinnor och män men mängden klinisk relevans är oklar. Små studier har visat att kvinnor har högre självskattad dåsighet och sämre bilkörningsförmåga efter intag av 10 mg zolpidem. Lägre dos till kvinnor kan övervägas.
Background

Pharmacokinetics and dosing
Zolpidem has a short half-life, 2.4 h. Pharmacokinetic studies of zolpidem in healthy young men and women show that men had significantly higher apparent clearance than women. After correction for body weight, the sex difference in clearance was still statistically significant in four of the studies [3-8]. Pooled mean apparent clearance corrected for body weight was 25% lower in women than in men (3.75 vs. 4.98 ml/min/kg, p<0.002) [8].

Women appear to eliminate zolpidem slower than men but the mechanism behind this sex difference is not established. In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended a 50% lower initial dose of zolpidem to women [9, 10]. However, this action has been criticized for the lack of available scientific evidence to support the recommendation of reduced dosage to women [8].

Effect
A few studies have evaluated sex differences in the relation between zolpidem pharmacokinetics or plasma concentrations and pharmacodynamic responses. The pharmacodynamics of a single dose zolpidem (1.0, 1.75, or 3.5 mg) or placebo wa......

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# Pharmacokinetics and dosing Zolpidem has a short half-life, 2.4 h. Pharmacokinetic studies of zolpidem in healthy young men and women show that men had significantly higher apparent clearance than women. After correction for body weight, the sex difference in clearance was still statistically significant in four of the studies [3-8]. Pooled mean apparent clearance corrected for body weight was 25% lower in women than in men (3.75 vs. 4.98 ml/min/kg, p<0.002) [8]. Women appear to eliminate zolpidem slower than men but the mechanism behind this sex difference is not established. In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended a 50% lower initial dose of zolpidem to women [9, 10]. However, this action has been criticized for the lack of available scientific evidence to support the recommendation of reduced dosage to women [8]. # Effect A few studies have evaluated sex differences in the relation between zolpidem pharmacokinetics or plasma concentrations and pharmacodynamic responses. The pharmacodynamics of a single dose zolpidem (1.0, 1.75, or 3.5 mg) or placebo was studied in healthy volunteers in a small double-blind study (13 men, 11 women). In men, zolpidem dose reduced self-rated sedation, while in women the dose impaired performance of digit symbol substitution test, choice reaction test, and symbol copying test. The authors suggested that the observed pharmacodynamic effects in women was explained by the higher plasma concentrations and increased intrinsic sensitivity among women [5]. In another study where healthy adults received a single dose 10 mg zolpidem (10 men, 8 women), women reported higher “self-rated sedation”, while no sex differences were seen for other pharmacodynamic effects [3]. However, the digit symbol substitution test has been criticized to have insufficient predictive validity of actual on-road driving [11]. Zolpidem increases sleep spindle activity and reduces low frequency EEG (electroencephalogram) activity. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial recorded brain activity after intake of 10 mg zolpidem in healthy volunteers (45 women, 36 men) using EEG. Women had a greater increase in sleep spindle activity in Non Rapid Eye Movement sleep (beta activity, stage 2 sleep), but no sex differences were seen in the suppression of delta and theta activity (deep or slow-wave sleep, stage 3 sleep) [12]. However, measuring EEG activity has been criticized to have insufficient predictive validity of actual on-road driving [11]. Post hoc analyses of data from clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of zolpidem in adult patients with primary insomnia have shown similar efficacy in men and women [13, 14]. In the first study, patients (24 men, 58 women) were randomized to receive either zolpidem 1.75 mg, zolpidem 3.5 mg, or placebo in the middle of the night in a sleep laboratory setting [13]. In the second study, patients (94 men, 201 women), were randomized to receive either zolpidem 3.5 mg or placebo in the middle of the night for 4 weeks [13]. In the third study, patients (37 men, 52 women) were randomized to receive either zolpidem 10 mg or placebo before bedtime for 12 months [14]. There were no sex differences in efficacy of zolpidem on time to return to sleep, digit symbol substitution test [13], in short-term, long-term, or next-day sleepiness [14]. However, the trials were not originally designed to detect sex differences in efficacy and thus interpreting of results is limited [13, 14]. # Adverse effects A post-hoc analysis analyzing sex differences in driving performance showed that 4 hours after middle-of-the-night administration of 10 mg zolpidem to healthy volunteers (15 men, 15 women), women drove worse than men and reported drowsiness and dizziness more often than men. There were no sex differences in driving performance after the 20 mg dose [15, 16]. However, plasma zolpidem concentrations were not measured in men and women in the study described above because lack of method for therapeutic drug monitoring at the time of the study [15]. Thus, there is no evidence that impaired driving capacity in women receiving zolpidem is explained by higher plasma concentrations. Furthermore, zolpidem is not recommended for middle-of-the-night-administration and thus the clinical relevance of impaired driving ability 4 hours after administration of zolpidem is questionable. Zolpidem blood levels > 50 ng/ml has been associated with increased risk of driving impairment. Eight hours after the administration of a 10 mg zolpidem tablet, an estimated 15% of the women and 3% of the men will have zolpidem blood concentration levels that could affect their driving [17]. In a study of driving capacity after medication with sleeping pills (9 men, 14 women) zopiclone 7.5 mg, but not zolpidem 10 mg, was found to increase the number of collisions in a driving simulator compared to placebo. No analysis based on patient’s sex was performed probably due to the low number of study participants [1]. Also another study showed that zopiclone 7.5 mg, but not zolpidem 3.5 mg (administered 3 hours before driving), impaired next-day driving, but with no differences between men and women [2]. # Reproductive health issues Zolpidem might interact with oral contraceptive preparations, but it is not likely to be of clinical importance. Regarding drug-drug interactions aspects, please consult Janusmed Interactions (in Swedish, Janusmed interaktioner). Regarding teratogenic aspects, please consult Janusmed Drugs and Birth Defects (in Swedish, Janusmed fosterpåverkan). # Other information Two large register-based studies analyzing utilization of zopiclone in men and women (aged ≥75 years) in Sweden showed that men were more likely than women to dispense zolpidem [18, 19]. In large register studies from Denmark and Norway, women dispensed more prescriptions of zopiclone and zolpidem in the years 2004 and 2006, respectively [20, 21]. A few studies have evaluated the impact of the FDA recommendations of lowering initial dose in women on zolpidem prescribing to women. Prescription data from University of Colorado Health System (n=400 in total) showed that the proportion of patients with a first-time low-dose zolpidem prescription increased after the labeling change, but was only significant for young women (42% vs 70%) [22]. Data on dispensed prescriptions from the Optum Clinformatics research database between 2011 and 2013 showed that the number of women with high dose zolpidem decreased and with low-dose zolpidem increased after the FDA Drug Safety Communications. Similar patterns were observed in men [23].
Försäljning på recept

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Fler kvinnor än män hämtade ut tabletter innehållande zolpidem (ATC-kod N05CF02) på recept i Sverige år 2020, totalt 119 750 kvinnor och 60 336 män. Det motsvarar 23 respektive 12 personer per tusen invånare. Andelen som hämtat ut läkemedel ökade med stigande ålder hos båda könen. I genomsnitt var tabletter innehållande zolpidem 1,8 gånger vanligare hos kvinnor [24].
Referenser

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  1. Staner L, Ertlé S, Boeijinga P, Rinaudo G, Arnal MA, Muzet A et al. Next-day residual effects of hypnotics in DSM-IV primary insomnia: a driving simulator study with simultaneous electroencephalogram monitoring. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005;181:790-8.

  2. Vermeeren A, Vuurman EF, Leufkens TR, Van Leeuwen CJ, Van Oers AC, Laska E et al. Residual effects of low-dose sublingual zolpidem on highway driving performance the morning after middle-of-the-night use. Sleep. 2014;37:489-96.

  3. Greenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS, von Moltke LL, Wright CE, Durol AL, Harrel-Joseph LM et al. Comparative kinetics and response to the benzodiazepine agonists triazolam and zolpidem: evaluation of sex-dependent differences. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000;293:435-43.

  4. Olubodun JO, Ochs HR, von Moltke LL, Roubenoff R, Hesse LM, Harmatz JS et al. Pharmacokinetic properties of zolpidem in elderly and young adults: possible modulation by testosterone in men. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;56:297-304.

  5. Greenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS, Singh NN, Steinberg F, Roth T, Moline ML et al. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zolpidem following sublingual administration. J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;54(3):282-90.

  6. Greenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS, Roth T, Singh NN, Moline ML, Harris SC et al. Comparison of pharmacokinetic profiles of zolpidem buffered sublingual tablet and zolpidem oral immediate-release tablet: results from a single-center, single-dose, randomized, open-label crossover study in healthy adults. Clin Ther. 2013;35(5):604-11.

  7. Guo T, Mao G, Zhao L, Xia D, Yang L. Comparative pharmacokinetics of zolpidem tartrate in five ethnic populations of China. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2014;4(2):146-50.

  8. Greenblatt, DJ, Harmatz, JS, and Roth, T. Zolpidem and Gender: Are Women Really At Risk?. Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019;39(3):189-199.

  9. FDA. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Risk of next-morning impairment after use of insomnia Drugs; FDA requires lower recommended doses for certain drugs containing zolpidem (Ambien, Ambien CR, Edluar and Zolpimist). 2013-01-10.

  10. DailyMed Ambien (zolpidem). DailyMed [www]. US National Library of Medicine. [updated 2020-07-22, cited 2021-02-16].

  11. Verster JC, Roth T. Predicting psychopharmacological drug effects on actual driving performance (SDLP) from psychometric tests measuring driving-related skills. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2012;220(2):293-301.

  12. Dijk DJ, James LM, Peters S, Walsh JK, Deacon S. Sex differences and the effect of gaboxadol and zolpidem on EEG power spectra in NREM and REM sleep. J Psychopharmacol. 2010;24:1613-8.

  13. Roth T, Steinberg F, Singh NN, Moline M. Gender influences on efficacy and safety of sublingual zolpidem tartrate for middle-of-the-night awakening in insomnia. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2014;29(1):25-30.

  14. Roehrs TA, Roth T. Gender Differences in the Efficacy and Safety of Chronic Nightly Zolpidem. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016;12(3):319-25.

  15. Verster JC, Roth T. Gender differences in highway driving performance after administration of sleep medication: a review of the literature. Traffic Inj Prev. 2012;13:286-92.

  16. Verster JC, Volkerts ER, Schreuder AH, Eijken EJ, van Heuckelum JH, Veldhuijzen DS, Verbaten MN, Paty I, Darwish M, Danjou P, Patat A. Residual effects of middle-of-the-night administration of zaleplon and zolpidem on driving ability, memory functions, and psychomotor performance. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;22(6):576-83.

  17. Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics. FDA Requires Lower Dosing of Zolpidem. 2013-01-21.

  18. Johnell K, Fastbom J. Gender and use of hypnotics or sedatives in old age: a nationwide register-based study. Int J Clin Pharm. 2011;33:788-93.

  19. Johnell K, Fastbom J. The use of benzodiazpines and related drugs amongst older people in Sweden: associated factors and concomitant use of other psychotropics. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24:731-8.

  20. Andersen AB, Frydenberg M. Long-term use of zopiclone, zolpidem and zaleplon among Danish elderly and the association with sociodemographic factors and use of other drugs. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011;20:378-85.

  21. Hausken AM, Furu K, Skurtveit S, Engeland A, Bramness JG. Starting insomnia treatment: the use of benzodiazepines versus z-hypnotics A prescription database study of predictors. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;65:295-301.

  22. Norman JL, Fixen DR, Saseen JJ, Saba LM, Linnebur SA. Zolpidem prescribing practices before and after Food and Drug Administration required product labeling changes. SAGE Open Med. 2017;5:2050312117707687.

  23. Kesselheim AS, Donneyong M, Dal Pan GJ, Zhou EH, Avorn J, Schneeweiss S, Seeger JD. Changes in prescribing and healthcare resource utilization after FDA Drug Safety Communications involving zolpidem-containing medications. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2017;26(6):712-721.

  24. Statistikdatabas för läkemedel. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen. 2020 [cited 2021-03-10.]

  1. Staner L, Ertlé S, Boeijinga P, Rinaudo G, Arnal MA, Muzet A et al. Next-day residual effects of hypnotics in DSM-IV primary insomnia: a driving simulator study with simultaneous electroencephalogram monitoring. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005;181:790-8.
  2. Vermeeren A, Vuurman EF, Leufkens TR, Van Leeuwen CJ, Van Oers AC, Laska E et al. Residual effects of low-dose sublingual zolpidem on highway driving performance the morning after middle-of-the-night use. Sleep. 2014;37:489-96.
  3. Greenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS, von Moltke LL, Wright CE, Durol AL, Harrel-Joseph LM et al. Comparative kinetics and response to the benzodiazepine agonists triazolam and zolpidem: evaluation of sex-dependent differences. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000;293:435-43.
  4. Olubodun JO, Ochs HR, von Moltke LL, Roubenoff R, Hesse LM, Harmatz JS et al. Pharmacokinetic properties of zolpidem in elderly and young adults: possible modulation by testosterone in men. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;56:297-304.
  5. Greenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS, Singh NN, Steinberg F, Roth T, Moline ML et al. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zolpidem following sublingual administration. J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;54(3):282-90.
  6. Greenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS, Roth T, Singh NN, Moline ML, Harris SC et al. Comparison of pharmacokinetic profiles of zolpidem buffered sublingual tablet and zolpidem oral immediate-release tablet: results from a single-center, single-dose, randomized, open-label crossover study in healthy adults. Clin Ther. 2013;35(5):604-11.
  7. Guo T, Mao G, Zhao L, Xia D, Yang L. Comparative pharmacokinetics of zolpidem tartrate in five ethnic populations of China. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2014;4(2):146-50.
  8. Greenblatt, DJ, Harmatz, JS, and Roth, T. Zolpidem and Gender: Are Women Really At Risk?. Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019;39(3):189-199.
  9. FDA. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Risk of next-morning impairment after use of insomnia Drugs; FDA requires lower recommended doses for certain drugs containing zolpidem (Ambien, Ambien CR, Edluar and Zolpimist). 2013-01-10.
  10. DailyMed Ambien (zolpidem). DailyMed [www]. US National Library of Medicine. [updated 2020-07-22, cited 2021-02-16].
  11. Verster JC, Roth T. Predicting psychopharmacological drug effects on actual driving performance (SDLP) from psychometric tests measuring driving-related skills. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2012;220(2):293-301.
  12. Dijk DJ, James LM, Peters S, Walsh JK, Deacon S. Sex differences and the effect of gaboxadol and zolpidem on EEG power spectra in NREM and REM sleep. J Psychopharmacol. 2010;24:1613-8.
  13. Roth T, Steinberg F, Singh NN, Moline M. Gender influences on efficacy and safety of sublingual zolpidem tartrate for middle-of-the-night awakening in insomnia. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2014;29(1):25-30.
  14. Roehrs TA, Roth T. Gender Differences in the Efficacy and Safety of Chronic Nightly Zolpidem. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016;12(3):319-25.
  15. Verster JC, Roth T. Gender differences in highway driving performance after administration of sleep medication: a review of the literature. Traffic Inj Prev. 2012;13:286-92.
  16. Verster JC, Volkerts ER, Schreuder AH, Eijken EJ, van Heuckelum JH, Veldhuijzen DS, Verbaten MN, Paty I, Darwish M, Danjou P, Patat A. Residual effects of middle-of-the-night administration of zaleplon and zolpidem on driving ability, memory functions, and psychomotor performance. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;22(6):576-83.
  17. Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics. FDA Requires Lower Dosing of Zolpidem. 2013-01-21.
  18. Johnell K, Fastbom J. Gender and use of hypnotics or sedatives in old age: a nationwide register-based study. Int J Clin Pharm. 2011;33:788-93.
  19. Johnell K, Fastbom J. The use of benzodiazpines and related drugs amongst older people in Sweden: associated factors and concomitant use of other psychotropics. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24:731-8.
  20. Andersen AB, Frydenberg M. Long-term use of zopiclone, zolpidem and zaleplon among Danish elderly and the association with sociodemographic factors and use of other drugs. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011;20:378-85.
  21. Hausken AM, Furu K, Skurtveit S, Engeland A, Bramness JG. Starting insomnia treatment: the use of benzodiazepines versus z-hypnotics A prescription database study of predictors. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;65:295-301.
  22. Norman JL, Fixen DR, Saseen JJ, Saba LM, Linnebur SA. Zolpidem prescribing practices before and after Food and Drug Administration required product labeling changes. SAGE Open Med. 2017;5:2050312117707687.
  23. Kesselheim AS, Donneyong M, Dal Pan GJ, Zhou EH, Avorn J, Schneeweiss S, Seeger JD. Changes in prescribing and healthcare resource utilization after FDA Drug Safety Communications involving zolpidem-containing medications. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2017;26(6):712-721.
  24. Statistikdatabas för läkemedel. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen. 2020 [cited 2021-03-10.]
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Litteratursökningsdatum 2/16/2021

Litteratursökningsdatum 2/16/2021
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