4/20/2024

Janusmed kön och genus

Janusmed kön och genus – TRIZIVIR

Janusmed kön och genus är ett kunskapsstöd som tillhandahåller information om köns- och genusaspekter på läkemedelsbehandling. Kunskapsstödet är avsedd främst för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Texterna är generella och ska inte ses som behandlingsriktlinjer. Det är alltid behandlande läkare som ansvarar för patientens medicinering.

För att komma till startsidan för Janusmed kön och genus och för att göra sökningar klicka här.

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C C
C C

Lamivudin

Lamivudin

Klass : C

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Kontakta oss

  1. Epivir (lamivudine). Summary of Product Characteristics. European Medicines Agency (EMA); 2018.

  2. Moore KH, Yuen GJ, Hussey EK, Pakes GE, Eron JJ, Bartlett JA. Population pharmacokinetics of lamivudine in adult human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients enrolled in two phase III clinical trials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43(12):3025-9.

  3. Anderson PL, Kiser JJ, Gardner EM, Rower JE, Meditz A, Grant RM. Pharmacological considerations for tenofovir and emtricitabine to prevent HIV infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(2):240-50.

  4. Anderson PL, Kakuda TN, Kawle S, Fletcher CV. Antiviral dynamics and sex differences of zidovudine and lamivudine triphosphate concentrations in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS. 2003;17(15):2159-68.

  5. Ofotokun I, Chuck SK, Hitti JE. Antiretroviral pharmacokinetic profile: a review of sex differences. Gend Med. 2007;4(2):106-19.

  6. Hodder S, Arasteh K, De Wet J, Gathe J, Gold J, Kumar P et al. Effect of gender and race on the week 48 findings in treatment-naïve, HIV-1-infected patients enrolled in the randomized, phase III trials ECHO and THRIVE. HIV Med. 2012;13(7):406-15.

  7. Puro V, Ippolito G. Brief report: effect of antiretroviral agents on T-lymphocyte subset counts in healthy HIV-negative individuals The Italian Registry on Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000;24(5):440-3.

  8. Bienczak A, Denti P, Cook A, Wiesner L, Mulenga V, Kityo C et al. Plasma Efavirenz Exposure, Sex, and Age Predict Virological Response in HIV-Infected African Children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;73(2):161-8.

  9. Chawana TD, Reid A, Bwakura T, Gavi S, Nhachi CF. Factors influencing treatment failure in HIV positive adult patients on first line antiretroviral therapy. Cent Afr J Med. 2014;60(5):29-36.

  10. Papatheodoridis GV, Manolakopoulos S, Touloumi G, Vourli G, Raptopoulou-Gigi M, Vafiadis-Zoumbouli I et al. Virological suppression does not prevent the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients with cirrhosis receiving oral antiviral(s) starting with lamivudine monotherapy: results of the nationwide HEPNET Greece cohort study. Gut. 2011;60(8):1109-16.

  11. Hann HW, Jonsson Funk ML, Rosenberg DM, Davis R. Factors associated with response to lamivudine: Retrospective study in a tertiary care clinic serving patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;20(3):433-40.

  12. Wu JF, Chiu YC, Chang KC, Chen HL, Ni YH, Hsu HY et al. Predictors of hepatitis B e antigen-negative hepatitis in chronic hepatitis B virus-infected patients from childhood to adulthood. Hepatology. 2016;63(1):74-82.

  13. Stalke P, Rybicka M, Wróblewska A, Dreczewski M, Stracewska E, Smiatacz T et al. An initial assessment of correlations between host- and virus-related factors affecting analogues antiviral therapy in HBV chronically infected patients. Med Sci Monit. 2014;20(1):321-8.

  14. Lin CC, Bair MJ, Chen CJ, Lee KH, Chen MJ, Liu CY et al. Off-treatment efficacy of 3-year nucleos(t)ide analogues in chronic hepatitis B patients. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2016;32(1):10-5.

  15. Thompson AJ, Ayres A, Yuen L, Bartholomeusz A, Bowden DS, Iser DM et al. Lamivudine resistance in patients with chronic hepatitis B: role of clinical and virological factors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22(7):1078-85.

  16. Eluwa GI, Badru T, Agu KA, Akpoigbe KJ, Chabikuli O, Hamelmann C. Adverse drug reactions to antiretroviral therapy (ARVs): incidence, type and risk factors in Nigeria. BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2012;12(1):7.

  17. Luque A, Hulse S, Wang D, Shahzad U, Tanzman E, Antenozzi S et al. Assessment of adverse events associated with antiretroviral regimens for postexposure prophylaxis for occupational and nonoccupational exposures to prevent transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28(6):695-701.

  18. Arenas-Pinto A, Grant AD, Edwards S, Weller IV. Lactic acidosis in HIV infected patients: a systematic review of published cases. Sex Transm Infect. 2003;79(4):340-3.

  19. Triantos C, Kalafateli M, Aggeletopoulou I, Mandellou M, Assimakopoulos S, Tselekouni P et al. Lactate serum concentrations during treatment with nucleos(t)ide analogues in hepatitis B with or without cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;29(9):998-1003.

  20. Dlamini J, Ledwaba L, Mokwena N, Mokhathi T, Orsega S, Tsoku M et al. Lactic acidosis and symptomatic hyperlactataemia in a randomized trial of first-line therapy in HIV-infected adults in South Africa. Antivir Ther. 2011;16(4):605-9.

  21. Ocama P, Castelnuovo B, Kamya MR, Kirk GD, Reynolds SJ, Kiragga A et al. Low frequency of liver enzyme elevation in HIV-infected patients attending a large urban treatment centre in Uganda. Int J STD AIDS. 2010;21(8):553-7.

  22. Tsuchiya N, Pathipvanich P, Wichukchinda N, Rojanawiwat A, Auwanit W, Ariyoshi K et al. Incidence and predictors of regimen-modification from first-line antiretroviral therapy in Thailand: a cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14(1):565.

  23. Vrouenraets SM, Wit FW, Garcia EF, Huber M, Brinkman K, Moyle G et al. Longer prior exposure to zidovudine/lamivudine-containing combination antiretroviral therapy, age, and male gender are each associated with reduced subcutaneous adipose tissue. HIV Clin Trials. 2012;13(2):103-10.

  24. Smith KY, Tierney C, Mollan K, Venuto CS, Budhathoki C, Ma Q et al. Outcomes by sex following treatment initiation with atazanavir plus ritonavir or efavirenz with abacavir/lamivudine or tenofovir/emtricitabine. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(4):555-63.

  25. Sanne I, Mommeja-Marin H, Hinkle J, Bartlett JA, Lederman MM, Maartens G et al. Severe hepatotoxicity associated with nevirapine use in HIV-infected subjects. J Infect Dis. 2005;191(6):825-9.

  26. Tashima KT, Bausserman L, Alt EN, Aznar E, Flanigan TP. Lipid changes in patients initiating efavirenz- and indinavir-based antiretroviral regimens. HIV Clin Trials. 2003;4(1):29-36.

  27. Ombeni W, Kamuhabwa AR. Lipid Profile in HIV-Infected Patients Using First-Line Antiretroviral Drugs. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2015;15(2):164-71.

  28. Firnhaber C, Smeaton LM, Grinsztejn B, Lalloo U, Faesen S, Samaneka W et al. Differences in antiretroviral safety and efficacy by sex in a multinational randomized clinical trial. HIV Clin Trials. 2015;16(3):89-99.

  29. Dragovic G, Jevtovic D. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor usage and the incidence of peripheral neuropathy in HIV/AIDS patients. Antivir Chem Chemother. 2003;14(5):281-4.

  30. Shikuma CM, Ribaudo HJ, Zheng Y, Gulick RM, Meyer WA, Tashima KT et al. Change in high-sensitivity c-reactive protein levels following initiation of efavirenz-based antiretroviral regimens in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2011;27(5):461-8.

  31. Else LJ, Taylor S, Back DJ, Khoo SH. Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs in anatomical sanctuary sites: the male and female genital tract. Antivir Ther. 2011;16(8):1149-67.

  32. Läkemedelsstatistik. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen. 2017 [cited 2018-07-24.]

  1. Epivir (lamivudine). Summary of Product Characteristics. European Medicines Agency (EMA); 2018.
  2. Moore KH, Yuen GJ, Hussey EK, Pakes GE, Eron JJ, Bartlett JA. Population pharmacokinetics of lamivudine in adult human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients enrolled in two phase III clinical trials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43(12):3025-9.
  3. Anderson PL, Kiser JJ, Gardner EM, Rower JE, Meditz A, Grant RM. Pharmacological considerations for tenofovir and emtricitabine to prevent HIV infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(2):240-50.
  4. Anderson PL, Kakuda TN, Kawle S, Fletcher CV. Antiviral dynamics and sex differences of zidovudine and lamivudine triphosphate concentrations in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS. 2003;17(15):2159-68.
  5. Ofotokun I, Chuck SK, Hitti JE. Antiretroviral pharmacokinetic profile: a review of sex differences. Gend Med. 2007;4(2):106-19.
  6. Hodder S, Arasteh K, De Wet J, Gathe J, Gold J, Kumar P et al. Effect of gender and race on the week 48 findings in treatment-naïve, HIV-1-infected patients enrolled in the randomized, phase III trials ECHO and THRIVE. HIV Med. 2012;13(7):406-15.
  7. Puro V, Ippolito G. Brief report: effect of antiretroviral agents on T-lymphocyte subset counts in healthy HIV-negative individuals The Italian Registry on Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000;24(5):440-3.
  8. Bienczak A, Denti P, Cook A, Wiesner L, Mulenga V, Kityo C et al. Plasma Efavirenz Exposure, Sex, and Age Predict Virological Response in HIV-Infected African Children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;73(2):161-8.
  9. Chawana TD, Reid A, Bwakura T, Gavi S, Nhachi CF. Factors influencing treatment failure in HIV positive adult patients on first line antiretroviral therapy. Cent Afr J Med. 2014;60(5):29-36.
  10. Papatheodoridis GV, Manolakopoulos S, Touloumi G, Vourli G, Raptopoulou-Gigi M, Vafiadis-Zoumbouli I et al. Virological suppression does not prevent the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients with cirrhosis receiving oral antiviral(s) starting with lamivudine monotherapy: results of the nationwide HEPNET Greece cohort study. Gut. 2011;60(8):1109-16.
  11. Hann HW, Jonsson Funk ML, Rosenberg DM, Davis R. Factors associated with response to lamivudine: Retrospective study in a tertiary care clinic serving patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;20(3):433-40.
  12. Wu JF, Chiu YC, Chang KC, Chen HL, Ni YH, Hsu HY et al. Predictors of hepatitis B e antigen-negative hepatitis in chronic hepatitis B virus-infected patients from childhood to adulthood. Hepatology. 2016;63(1):74-82.
  13. Stalke P, Rybicka M, Wróblewska A, Dreczewski M, Stracewska E, Smiatacz T et al. An initial assessment of correlations between host- and virus-related factors affecting analogues antiviral therapy in HBV chronically infected patients. Med Sci Monit. 2014;20(1):321-8.
  14. Lin CC, Bair MJ, Chen CJ, Lee KH, Chen MJ, Liu CY et al. Off-treatment efficacy of 3-year nucleos(t)ide analogues in chronic hepatitis B patients. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2016;32(1):10-5.
  15. Thompson AJ, Ayres A, Yuen L, Bartholomeusz A, Bowden DS, Iser DM et al. Lamivudine resistance in patients with chronic hepatitis B: role of clinical and virological factors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22(7):1078-85.
  16. Eluwa GI, Badru T, Agu KA, Akpoigbe KJ, Chabikuli O, Hamelmann C. Adverse drug reactions to antiretroviral therapy (ARVs): incidence, type and risk factors in Nigeria. BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2012;12(1):7.
  17. Luque A, Hulse S, Wang D, Shahzad U, Tanzman E, Antenozzi S et al. Assessment of adverse events associated with antiretroviral regimens for postexposure prophylaxis for occupational and nonoccupational exposures to prevent transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28(6):695-701.
  18. Arenas-Pinto A, Grant AD, Edwards S, Weller IV. Lactic acidosis in HIV infected patients: a systematic review of published cases. Sex Transm Infect. 2003;79(4):340-3.
  19. Triantos C, Kalafateli M, Aggeletopoulou I, Mandellou M, Assimakopoulos S, Tselekouni P et al. Lactate serum concentrations during treatment with nucleos(t)ide analogues in hepatitis B with or without cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;29(9):998-1003.
  20. Dlamini J, Ledwaba L, Mokwena N, Mokhathi T, Orsega S, Tsoku M et al. Lactic acidosis and symptomatic hyperlactataemia in a randomized trial of first-line therapy in HIV-infected adults in South Africa. Antivir Ther. 2011;16(4):605-9.
  21. Ocama P, Castelnuovo B, Kamya MR, Kirk GD, Reynolds SJ, Kiragga A et al. Low frequency of liver enzyme elevation in HIV-infected patients attending a large urban treatment centre in Uganda. Int J STD AIDS. 2010;21(8):553-7.
  22. Tsuchiya N, Pathipvanich P, Wichukchinda N, Rojanawiwat A, Auwanit W, Ariyoshi K et al. Incidence and predictors of regimen-modification from first-line antiretroviral therapy in Thailand: a cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14(1):565.
  23. Vrouenraets SM, Wit FW, Garcia EF, Huber M, Brinkman K, Moyle G et al. Longer prior exposure to zidovudine/lamivudine-containing combination antiretroviral therapy, age, and male gender are each associated with reduced subcutaneous adipose tissue. HIV Clin Trials. 2012;13(2):103-10.
  24. Smith KY, Tierney C, Mollan K, Venuto CS, Budhathoki C, Ma Q et al. Outcomes by sex following treatment initiation with atazanavir plus ritonavir or efavirenz with abacavir/lamivudine or tenofovir/emtricitabine. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(4):555-63.
  25. Sanne I, Mommeja-Marin H, Hinkle J, Bartlett JA, Lederman MM, Maartens G et al. Severe hepatotoxicity associated with nevirapine use in HIV-infected subjects. J Infect Dis. 2005;191(6):825-9.
  26. Tashima KT, Bausserman L, Alt EN, Aznar E, Flanigan TP. Lipid changes in patients initiating efavirenz- and indinavir-based antiretroviral regimens. HIV Clin Trials. 2003;4(1):29-36.
  27. Ombeni W, Kamuhabwa AR. Lipid Profile in HIV-Infected Patients Using First-Line Antiretroviral Drugs. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2015;15(2):164-71.
  28. Firnhaber C, Smeaton LM, Grinsztejn B, Lalloo U, Faesen S, Samaneka W et al. Differences in antiretroviral safety and efficacy by sex in a multinational randomized clinical trial. HIV Clin Trials. 2015;16(3):89-99.
  29. Dragovic G, Jevtovic D. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor usage and the incidence of peripheral neuropathy in HIV/AIDS patients. Antivir Chem Chemother. 2003;14(5):281-4.
  30. Shikuma CM, Ribaudo HJ, Zheng Y, Gulick RM, Meyer WA, Tashima KT et al. Change in high-sensitivity c-reactive protein levels following initiation of efavirenz-based antiretroviral regimens in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2011;27(5):461-8.
  31. Else LJ, Taylor S, Back DJ, Khoo SH. Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs in anatomical sanctuary sites: the male and female genital tract. Antivir Ther. 2011;16(8):1149-67.
  32. Läkemedelsstatistik. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen. 2017 [cited 2018-07-24.]
A A
A A

Abakavir

Abakavir

Klass : A

Visa all info

Skriv ut

Kontakta oss

  1. Ziagen (abacavir). Summary of Product Characteristics. European Medicines Agency (EMA); 2018.

  2. Zhao W, Piana C, Danhof M, Burger D, Della Pasqua O, Jacqz-Aigrain E. Population pharmacokinetics of abacavir in infants, toddlers and children. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;75(6):1525-35.

  3. Kumar PN, Rodriguez-French A, Thompson MA, Tashima KT, Averitt D, Wannamaker PG et al. A prospective, 96-week study of the impact of Trizivir, Combivir/nelfinavir, and lamivudine/stavudine/nelfinavir on lipids, metabolic parameters and efficacy in antiretroviral-naive patients: effect of sex and ethnicity. HIV Med. 2006;7(2):85-98.

  4. Bienczak A, Denti P, Cook A, Wiesner L, Mulenga V, Kityo C et al. Plasma Efavirenz Exposure, Sex, and Age Predict Virological Response in HIV-Infected African Children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;73(2):161-8.

  5. Hodder S, Arasteh K, De Wet J, Gathe J, Gold J, Kumar P et al. Effect of gender and race on the week 48 findings in treatment-naïve, HIV-1-infected patients enrolled in the randomized, phase III trials ECHO and THRIVE. HIV Med. 2012;13(7):406-15.

  6. Smith KY, Tierney C, Mollan K, Venuto CS, Budhathoki C, Ma Q et al. Outcomes by sex following treatment initiation with atazanavir plus ritonavir or efavirenz with abacavir/lamivudine or tenofovir/emtricitabine. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(4):555-63.

  7. Mocroft A, Lundgren JD, Ross M, Law M, Reiss P, Kirk O et al. Development and validation of a risk score for chronic kidney disease in HIV infection using prospective cohort data from the D:A:D study. PLoS Med. 2015;12(3):e1001809.

  8. Shikuma CM, Ribaudo HJ, Zheng Y, Gulick RM, Meyer WA, Tashima KT et al. Change in high-sensitivity c-reactive protein levels following initiation of efavirenz-based antiretroviral regimens in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2011;27(5):461-8.

  9. Else LJ, Taylor S, Back DJ, Khoo SH. Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs in anatomical sanctuary sites: the male and female genital tract. Antivir Ther. 2011;16(8):1149-67.

  10. Läkemedelsstatistik. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen. 2017 [cited 2018-07-24.]

  1. Ziagen (abacavir). Summary of Product Characteristics. European Medicines Agency (EMA); 2018.
  2. Zhao W, Piana C, Danhof M, Burger D, Della Pasqua O, Jacqz-Aigrain E. Population pharmacokinetics of abacavir in infants, toddlers and children. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;75(6):1525-35.
  3. Kumar PN, Rodriguez-French A, Thompson MA, Tashima KT, Averitt D, Wannamaker PG et al. A prospective, 96-week study of the impact of Trizivir, Combivir/nelfinavir, and lamivudine/stavudine/nelfinavir on lipids, metabolic parameters and efficacy in antiretroviral-naive patients: effect of sex and ethnicity. HIV Med. 2006;7(2):85-98.
  4. Bienczak A, Denti P, Cook A, Wiesner L, Mulenga V, Kityo C et al. Plasma Efavirenz Exposure, Sex, and Age Predict Virological Response in HIV-Infected African Children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;73(2):161-8.
  5. Hodder S, Arasteh K, De Wet J, Gathe J, Gold J, Kumar P et al. Effect of gender and race on the week 48 findings in treatment-naïve, HIV-1-infected patients enrolled in the randomized, phase III trials ECHO and THRIVE. HIV Med. 2012;13(7):406-15.
  6. Smith KY, Tierney C, Mollan K, Venuto CS, Budhathoki C, Ma Q et al. Outcomes by sex following treatment initiation with atazanavir plus ritonavir or efavirenz with abacavir/lamivudine or tenofovir/emtricitabine. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(4):555-63.
  7. Mocroft A, Lundgren JD, Ross M, Law M, Reiss P, Kirk O et al. Development and validation of a risk score for chronic kidney disease in HIV infection using prospective cohort data from the D:A:D study. PLoS Med. 2015;12(3):e1001809.
  8. Shikuma CM, Ribaudo HJ, Zheng Y, Gulick RM, Meyer WA, Tashima KT et al. Change in high-sensitivity c-reactive protein levels following initiation of efavirenz-based antiretroviral regimens in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2011;27(5):461-8.
  9. Else LJ, Taylor S, Back DJ, Khoo SH. Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs in anatomical sanctuary sites: the male and female genital tract. Antivir Ther. 2011;16(8):1149-67.
  10. Läkemedelsstatistik. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen. 2017 [cited 2018-07-24.]
C C
C C

Zidovudin

Zidovudin

Klass : C

Visa all info

Skriv ut

Kontakta oss

  1. Retrovir (zidovudine). DailyMed [www]. US National Library of Medicine. [updated 2019-01-08, cited 2019-06-18].

  2. Aweeka FT, Rosenkranz SL, Segal Y, Coombs RW, Bardeguez A, Thevanayagam L et al. The impact of sex and contraceptive therapy on the plasma and intracellular pharmacokinetics of zidovudine. AIDS. 2006;20(14):1833-41.

  3. Bazzoli C, Bénech H, Rey E, Retout S, Salmon D, Duval X et al. Joint population pharmacokinetic analysis of zidovudine, lamivudine, and their active intracellular metabolites in HIV patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(7):3423-31.

  4. Anderson PL, Kakuda TN, Kawle S, Fletcher CV. Antiviral dynamics and sex differences of zidovudine and lamivudine triphosphate concentrations in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS. 2003;17(15):2159-68.

  5. Vella S, Giuliano M, Floridia M, Chiesi A, Tomino C, Seeber A et al. Effect of sex, age and transmission category on the progression to AIDS and survival of zidovudine-treated symptomatic patients. AIDS. 1995;9(1):51-6.

  6. Hodder S, Arasteh K, De Wet J, Gathe J, Gold J, Kumar P et al. Effect of gender and race on the week 48 findings in treatment-naïve, HIV-1-infected patients enrolled in the randomized, phase III trials ECHO and THRIVE. HIV Med. 2012;13(7):406-15.

  7. Puro V, Ippolito G. Brief report: effect of antiretroviral agents on T-lymphocyte subset counts in healthy HIV-negative individuals The Italian Registry on Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000;24(5):440-3.

  8. Chawana TD, Reid A, Bwakura T, Gavi S, Nhachi CF. Factors influencing treatment failure in HIV positive adult patients on first line antiretroviral therapy. Cent Afr J Med. 2014;60(5):29-36.

  9. Kan W, Teng T, Liang S, Ma Y, Tang H, Zuohela T et al. Predictors of HIV virological failure and drug resistance in Chinese patients after 48 months of antiretroviral treatment, 2008-2012: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(9):e016012.

  10. Hunt GM, Dokubo EK, Takuva S, de Oliveira T, Ledwaba J, Dube N et al. Rates of virological suppression and drug resistance in adult HIV-1-positive patients attending primary healthcare facilities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(11):3141-3148.

  11. Firnhaber C, Smeaton LM, Grinsztejn B, Lalloo U, Faesen S, Samaneka W et al. Differences in antiretroviral safety and efficacy by sex in a multinational randomized clinical trial. HIV Clin Trials. 2015;16(3):89-99.

  12. Eluwa GI, Badru T, Agu KA, Akpoigbe KJ, Chabikuli O, Hamelmann C. Adverse drug reactions to antiretroviral therapy (ARVs): incidence, type and risk factors in Nigeria. BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2012;12(1):7.

  13. Luque A, Hulse S, Wang D, Shahzad U, Tanzman E, Antenozzi S et al. Assessment of adverse events associated with antiretroviral regimens for postexposure prophylaxis for occupational and nonoccupational exposures to prevent transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28(6):695-701.

  14. Arenas-Pinto A, Grant AD, Edwards S, Weller IV. Lactic acidosis in HIV infected patients: a systematic review of published cases. Sex Transm Infect. 2003;79(4):340-3.

  15. Triantos C, Kalafateli M, Aggeletopoulou I, Mandellou M, Assimakopoulos S, Tselekouni P et al. Lactate serum concentrations during treatment with nucleos(t)ide analogues in hepatitis B with or without cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;29(9):998-1003.

  16. Dlamini J, Ledwaba L, Mokwena N, Mokhathi T, Orsega S, Tsoku M et al. Lactic acidosis and symptomatic hyperlactataemia in a randomized trial of first-line therapy in HIV-infected adults in South Africa. Antivir Ther. 2011;16(4):605-9.

  17. Vrouenraets SM, Wit FW, Garcia EF, Huber M, Brinkman K, Moyle G et al. Longer prior exposure to zidovudine/lamivudine-containing combination antiretroviral therapy, age, and male gender are each associated with reduced subcutaneous adipose tissue. HIV Clin Trials. 2012;13(2):103-10.

  18. Tashima KT, Bausserman L, Alt EN, Aznar E, Flanigan TP. Lipid changes in patients initiating efavirenz- and indinavir-based antiretroviral regimens. HIV Clin Trials. 2003;4(1):29-36.

  19. Ombeni W, Kamuhabwa AR. Lipid Profile in HIV-Infected Patients Using First-Line Antiretroviral Drugs. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2015;15(2):164-71.

  20. Dragovic G, Jevtovic D. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor usage and the incidence of peripheral neuropathy in HIV/AIDS patients. Antivir Chem Chemother. 2003;14(5):281-4.

  21. Else LJ, Taylor S, Back DJ, Khoo SH. Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs in anatomical sanctuary sites: the male and female genital tract. Antivir Ther. 2011;16(8):1149-67.

  22. Läkemedelsstatistik. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen. 2018 [cited 2019-08-19.]

  1. Retrovir (zidovudine). DailyMed [www]. US National Library of Medicine. [updated 2019-01-08, cited 2019-06-18].
  2. Aweeka FT, Rosenkranz SL, Segal Y, Coombs RW, Bardeguez A, Thevanayagam L et al. The impact of sex and contraceptive therapy on the plasma and intracellular pharmacokinetics of zidovudine. AIDS. 2006;20(14):1833-41.
  3. Bazzoli C, Bénech H, Rey E, Retout S, Salmon D, Duval X et al. Joint population pharmacokinetic analysis of zidovudine, lamivudine, and their active intracellular metabolites in HIV patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(7):3423-31.
  4. Anderson PL, Kakuda TN, Kawle S, Fletcher CV. Antiviral dynamics and sex differences of zidovudine and lamivudine triphosphate concentrations in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS. 2003;17(15):2159-68.
  5. Vella S, Giuliano M, Floridia M, Chiesi A, Tomino C, Seeber A et al. Effect of sex, age and transmission category on the progression to AIDS and survival of zidovudine-treated symptomatic patients. AIDS. 1995;9(1):51-6.
  6. Hodder S, Arasteh K, De Wet J, Gathe J, Gold J, Kumar P et al. Effect of gender and race on the week 48 findings in treatment-naïve, HIV-1-infected patients enrolled in the randomized, phase III trials ECHO and THRIVE. HIV Med. 2012;13(7):406-15.
  7. Puro V, Ippolito G. Brief report: effect of antiretroviral agents on T-lymphocyte subset counts in healthy HIV-negative individuals The Italian Registry on Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000;24(5):440-3.
  8. Chawana TD, Reid A, Bwakura T, Gavi S, Nhachi CF. Factors influencing treatment failure in HIV positive adult patients on first line antiretroviral therapy. Cent Afr J Med. 2014;60(5):29-36.
  9. Kan W, Teng T, Liang S, Ma Y, Tang H, Zuohela T et al. Predictors of HIV virological failure and drug resistance in Chinese patients after 48 months of antiretroviral treatment, 2008-2012: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(9):e016012.
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